The forested slopes of 2168-m-high Galunggung volcano in western Java are cut by a large horseshoe-shaped caldera breached to the SE that has served to channel the products of recent eruptions in that direction.  The "Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya" dotting the plain below the volcano are debris-avalanche hummocks from the collapse that formed the breached caldera about 4200 years ago.  Although historical eruptions, restricted to the central vent near the caldera headwall, have been infrequent, they have caused much devastation.  The first historical eruption in 1822 produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed over 4000 persons.  More recently, a strong explosive eruption during 1982-1983 caused severe economic disruption to populated areas near the volcano.